![]() ![]() Joyce's financial situation improved considerably in Zurich. Balanced against these disappointments, however, were the birth of his son, Giorgio, in 1905, and the birth of his daughter, Lucia Anna, in 1907 and the support of Yeats, Pound, and Dora Marsden, who agreed to publish A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in serial form in her review, The Egoist, between February 2, 1914, and September 1, 1915. On the debit side one can place several items: Joyce's dislike of Pola, Rome, and Trieste, the last being his chief habitat during the years 1904-15 several years of delay in the publication of Dubliners, which was finally printed in 1914 a lie told to Joyce by his friend Vincent Cosgrave (in 1909, on a return visit to Ireland) concerning Nora's having been unfaithful during Joyce's courtship in 1904 and the failure, in 1909 in Dublin, of Joyce's venture into the cinema business, the Cinematograph Volta. The period from October, 1904 (when Joyce arrived in Zurich to find that the administrators of the Berlitz School had never heard of his application), through the end of June, 1915 (when Joyce, because of World War 1, decided to leave Trieste and to return to Zurich to take up residence), was a mixed one for Joyce. In October, 1904, they left for Zurich, where Joyce had been promised a position teaching at the Berlitz School. ![]() The famous "Bloomsday" in Ulysses, June 16, is probably the day on which Joyce discovered that he was in love with Nora. Joyce's months of drifting in Dublin ended with the first days of 1904, when he seriously returned to his writing, and in June of that year, Joyce met Nora Barnacle, a 20-year-old Galway woman, with whom he was to spend the rest of his life. Lady Gregory, William Butler Yeats, and other leaders of the Irish Literary Theatre, it seemed to Joyce, were being too provincial in their stress upon peasant and folk drama.Īfter he left the University in 1902, Joyce went to Paris to study medicine and to write after a brief time, he returned to Ireland, then left for Paris again in 1903 with the intention of devoting himself to full-time literary endeavors he returned to Dublin when his father's telegram of April 10, 1903, announced his mother's imminent death (she died of cancer on August 13, 1903). Joyce's article "The Day of the Rabblement" (1901) denounced the beginning Irish theater movement, which Joyce believed was too insular, too cut off from European culture. In 1900, he delivered a paper, "Drama and Life," before the Literary and Historical Society of the College, which advocated modern dramatists, as opposed to Shakespeare and the Greeks. ![]() He insisted upon the worth of Henrik Ibsen, considered anathema by conservative Dublin Catholics, and, at the age of 18, he published an article on "Ibsen's New Drama" in the Fortnightly Review. To commemorate the occasion of Parnell's death, the 9-year-old Joyce wrote a poem "Et Tu, Healy," which denounced the worst of the turncoats, and one reason that Stephen Dedalus in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man cites for leaving Ireland is his fear that the country will always destroy its prophets.Īt University College, Dublin, Joyce openly espoused a number of unpopular causes. The young Joyce, reinforced in his political and nationalistic convictions by his father, felt that the great nationalist leader, who fell from grace because of his affair with Kitty O'Shea, had been "betrayed" by his followers - that is, Parnell had been forced to resign from his position as head of Ireland's nationalist party because of the divorce trial of Captain and Kitty O'Shea. One particularly important event that occurred during Joyce's schooldays was the death of Charles Stewart Parnell in October, 1891. Joyce graduated from University College, Dublin, in 1902. From 1888 to 1891, he attended the prestigious Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, and, from 1893 to 1898, he attended the reputable Belvedere College, a Catholic day school in Dublin. Micawber" sort of man, one whose profligacy occasioned the ever-declining family fortunes and led the Joyce children to a life of impoverishment.ĭespite his family's economic situation, however, Joyce did manage to secure a fine education. Joyce's father, John Stanislaus Joyce (1849-1931), the prototype for Simon Dedalus of Ulysses, was a charming, bright, but improvident "Mr. ![]() Born in Rathgar, a township of Dublin, on February 2, 1882, James Joyce was the oldest of ten children, five others dying in infancy. ![]()
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